Free digital classic
Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution
by Kropotkin, Petr Alekseevich, kniaz
- Reading format
- EPUB in Folarin Bookstore Digital
- Language
- en
About this book
Creators: kniaz Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin (1842-1921) "Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution" by Petr Alekseevich Kropotkin is a collection of essays published in 1902. Drawing from observations in Siberia and beyond, Kropotkin challenges social Darwinism's emphasis on competition, arguing instead that cooperation and mutual aid are fundamental forces in nature and human societies. He examines how animals and humans throughout history—from indigenous peoples to medieval guilds—have survived and thrived through collaboration rather than ruthless competition. This work presents a scientific foundation for anarchist communism while offering insights that influenced evolutionary biology. (This is an automatically generated summary.) Reading Level: Reading ease score: 51.9 (10th to 12th grade). Somewhat difficult to read. Rights: Public domain in the USA. Downloads: 1218